Esophagus
The esophagus is the passageway that connects the throat or pharynx to the stomach. Technically, it begins at the upper esophageal sphincter and ends at the lower esophageal sphincter.
Esophagus, After Total Laryngectomy
Esophagus, after total laryngectomy (1 of 4)
After total laryngectomy. At the level where larynx was, there is no airway seen. The small air collection (at arrow) is within the reconstructed esophagus, at the level of the neck.
Esophagus, after total laryngectomy (2 of 4)
At the base of neck, the trachea has been sutured forward to neck skin. In this view, the tracheoesophageal prosthesis (TEP) can be seen traversing the shared tracheoesophageal party wall. In this view, the esophagus is very dilated with air.
Esophagus, after total laryngectomy (3 of 4)
Below the tracheostome, the entire trachea is again seen. The horseshoe-shaped anterior segment of the trachea’s wall, two-thirds of the total circumference, is the trachea’ s cartilaginous component. The posterior one-third is the membranous trachea, which also constitutes the anterior one-third of the esophagus, and is also called the tracheoesophageal party wall. The esophagus is again dilated with air here.
Esophagus, after total laryngectomy (4 of 4)
At the mid-thoracic level, the trachea is splitting into the two mainstem bronchi, and the esophagus is still seen due to dilation with swallowed air.
Three Views of the Entrance to the Esophagus From Far Away to Close-up
Swallowing Crescent (1 of 3)
During swallowing, the “the swallowing crescent”—outlined by the dotted line—receives swallowed food or liquid in order to funnel it into the esophagus (not open in this view). The asterisks are reference points to compare all three photos. One does not want any material to enter the laryngeal vestibule (hashed lines).
Closed esophagus (2 of 3)
A closer view. The esophagus is still not open in this view. Compare asterisk with prior and following photo.
Open Esophagus (3 of 3)
At the moment of a dry swallow, the esophagus opens as shown here. Again, the asterisks allow comparison with photos 1 and 2.
Endoscopic View of Esophageal (Acid) Reflux
Liquid in the lower esophagus (1 of 2)
After swallowing blue food-colored water, it sits momentarily in the lower esophagus waiting to enter the stomach. The saliva bubbles indicated by arrow and dotted lines are for reference with the next photo.
Acid reflux in the lower esophagus (2 of 2)
A moment later, without effort or gag, the blue water refluxes (zooms upwards from the lower esophagus and stomach) towards the stationary camera chip. If this occurred with acidic stomach contents, the esophagus would suffer chemical irritation and the patient might experience “heartburn.”
Dramatic Dilation of the Esophagus in A Person with R-CPD Due to Buildup of Swallowed Air that He Cannot Belch to Get Rid Of
View of the mid-esophagus (1 of 2)
This view in the mid-esophagus was obtained with a 3.6mm scope without an air channel. The dilation is from the patient’s own unbelchable air. Note quite major lateral dilation of the esophagus, indicated by concentric dotted lines and arrows. Dilation is not possible in the direction of unyielding spine (S) and trachea (T).
View of the mid-esophagus (2 of 2)
A view that shows more clearly the indentation of trachea (T). Persons with this much dilation of esophagus often complain as much of chest pressure as they do abdominal bloating. This man has experienced “large” reduction of R-CPD symptoms after botulinum toxin injection into his upper esophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus muscle).
The Esophagus Doesn’t Like Being Stretched for Years Due to Untreated R-CPD
Lateral dilation from R-CPD (1 of 3)
In this middle-aged patient with R-CPD (inability to burp), now fully resolved (burping well for more than a year) after botox therapy. This view is pre-treatment, at mid-esophagus using an ENT scope. No air was insufflated to get this photo; the patient “has her own.” The aortic shelf is prominent, but observe the dramatic lateral dilation (arrows). S = spine; T = trachea.
Lateral dilation in the upper esophagus (2 of 3)
Now in the upper esophagus, arrows again depict the remarkable lateral dilation.
Medial-lateral stretch (3 of 3)
Opening of the esophagus is constant, due to the patient’s retained air, but as air goes downward transiently, the lumen size is reduced, almost accentuating the medial-lateral “stretch” of the esophagus. * denotes the same place in photos 2 and 3, for reference.
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What Laughing Actually Looks Like
Have you ever wondered what your body actually does to laugh? This video shows the internal view of the vocal cords on a patient who is laughing and was placed online at his request.
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