An encyclopedia about voice, swallowing, airway, coughing, & other head + neck disorders.

Granuloma da Contatto

Un granuloma da contatto è una reazione o crescita benigna del tessuto, tipicamente sul terzo posteriore della corda vocale, che si verifica in risposta a una lesione. I granulomi da contatto sono noti anche come ulcere da contatto, granulomi da intubazione o “carne orgogliosa”. Questo tipo di tessuto cronicamente irritato può essere visto come un’esuberante risposta di guarigione che “non sapeva quando smettere”.

Fonti di lesioni

Un tipo di lesione che può portare a un granuloma da contatto è la lesione causata da un tubo endotracheale, poiché il tubo inserito preme e sfrega contro le estremità posteriori delle corde vocali. Un’altra potenziale fonte di lesioni è la tosse cronica e aggressiva o lo schiarimento della gola.

Ancora un’altra potenziale fonte è quella sottoposta a procedure chirurgiche come l’escissione laser di un cancro. Alcuni credono anche che l’irritazione da reflusso acido possa portare a un granuloma da contatto. In molti casi, non esiste una causa evidente per la lesione originale.

La posizione tipica di un granuloma da contatto

I granulomi da contatto si verificano tipicamente sul terzo posteriore della corda vocale, noto anche come glottide cartilaginea. A differenza degli altri due terzi della corda vocale, questo segmento è abitato da cartilagine (cioè cartilagine aritenoide) e tale cartilagine è ricoperta solo da uno strato relativamente sottile di pericondrio e da uno strato di mucosa.

Questa sottile interfaccia cartilaginea o pericondriale tende a irritarsi e quindi a rispondere con una guarigione esagerata che produce un granuloma da contatto. Pertanto, la maggior parte dei granulomi si verifica in questa posizione.

Sintomi di un granuloma da contatto

Alcuni individui con granulomi da contatto non presentano alcun sintomo e scoprono di avere un granuloma solo durante un esame per qualche altro motivo. Altri notano una sensazione di attaccamento o di puntura di spillo, oppure hanno un vago senso di disagio nella zona del collo che si irradia verso l’alto verso l’angolo della mascella.

Occasionalmente, una persona può sviluppare un “blocco” nella voce, tale che ci vuole un secondo per iniziare a parlare chiaramente. Molto occasionalmente, quando una parte del granuloma si stacca (vedi sotto), una persona può tossire sangue o un minuscolo pezzo di tessuto. In generale, i sintomi sono lievi.

Trattamento per un granuloma da contatto

Alcuni medici preferiscono trattare i granulomi da contatto eliminandoli. Tuttavia, la piccola lesione o ferita che ne risulta spesso produce un granuloma ricorrente.

Un approccio migliore è semplicemente aspettare che il granuloma si stacchi da solo. Questo processo di autodistacco, che può richiedere diversi mesi, è come una mela che matura e poi cade dall’albero: il granuloma continua a crescere di dimensioni e, una volta diventato abbastanza grande, il movimento avanti e indietro dell’aria e lo spostamento provocato dal contatto con la cartilagine aritenoidea opposta fa sì che il granuloma si pizzichi lentamente verso l’interno alla sua base e diventi sempre più peduncolato. Alla fine, il peduncolo connettivo non riesce più a sostenere il granuloma e il granuloma si libera. Per un esempio, guarda le foto qui sotto.

Se i sintomi di una persona sono troppo fastidiosi per aspettare mesi, allora il granuloma può essere rimosso chirurgicamente, ma lasciando comunque parte del gambo o della base sporgente dalla superficie, in modo da evitare di ledere nuovamente la cartilagine e il pericondrio, che provocherebbe la formazione di un altro granuloma.

Inserimento “maschio e femmina” di un Granuloma da Contatto Bilobato

Quest’uomo sperimenta un dolore acuto e momentaneo quando parla per la prima volta dopo un intervallo di silenzio. È stato sottoposto a biopsia altrove ma la lesione (un granuloma da contatto) è ritornata, come ci si aspetterebbe, a causa di una nuova lesione del pericondrio aritenoideo.

Come spiegato altrove, i granulomi da contatto possono essere diagnosticati in base a “certi” criteri visivi e possono maturare e staccarsi spontaneamente, senza necessità di rimozione se non in circostanze insolite.

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Tongue and groove (1 of 4)

A tongue and groove example from woodworking.

Bi-lobed lesion (2 of 4)

From a distance, the recurrent, bi-lobed lesion is seen on the left posterior vocal cord (right of photo).

Bilobed morphology of granuloma (3 of 4)

At close range, one classic finding, its bilobed morphology, as well as the location on the cartilaginous vocal process, makes the diagnosis of contact granuloma secure. This lesion would not need to be biopsied based upon these details.

Tongue and groove fit between cords (4 of 4)

Full approximation of the cords. The the “tongue and groove” fit between posterior cords allows complete approximation of the vibrating part of the vocal cords, and explains his unimpaired voice.

“Tatuaggio” di sangue dopo distacco di granuloma da intubazione

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Intubation granuloma (1 of 5)

This woman was intubated for 5 days due to severe illness. Afterwards, she had no voice for several weeks. It has recovered nearly fully, but she was told elsewhere that there was a “growth” that needed to be removed.

Intubation granuloma (2 of 5)

In this closer view with forced inspiration, one can see that this is a granuloma, with point of attachment at arrows becoming pedunculated. Since granulomas typically mature, pedunculate (become attached by a progressively thinner stalk), and fall off on their own, she was advised to return in 4 months, at which point it would likely be gone.

Granuloma is gone (3 of 5)

4 months later: In this distant view, it appears that the granuloma has indeed detached. (Typically patients do not know when this happened; rarely, they cough out a pink piece of tissue and a bit of blood at the time of detachement.)

Blood tattoo (4 of 5)

In this mid-range view, a “blood tattoo” is seen where the pedicle detached from the granuloma (arrow). This “blood spot” often persists for months or years.

Blood Tattoo (5 of 5)

A closer view of the “blood tattoo.”

Granuloma da contatto

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Contact granuloma (1 of 2)

Same patient, after treatment with antifungal agent. Note residual haziness (Lab).

Contact granuloma (2 of 2)

Same patient, as vocal folds begin to come together for phonation, showing right fold fitting into the groove between the two lobes of the granuloma (Lab).

Esempio 2

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Contact granuloma (1 of 2)

Contact granuloma right posterior vocal cord. Note bi-lobularity and surrounding inflammation (erythema).

Contact granuloma (2 of 2)

Same patient, as cords are arriving at phonatory contact. The medial surface of the left arytenoid cartilage will fit into the cleft between the two lobes of the contact granuloma.

I granulomi da intubazione possono essere lasciati soli a maturare e a staccarsi spontaneamente

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Intubation Granuloma (1 of 3)

Six months after a long intubation due to grave illness. When the patient exhales as shown here, his contact granulomas “blow” upwards from the level of the vocal cords. These granulomas are quite “mature” as can be seen in the next photo.

Intubation Granuloma (2 of 3)

With the patient now breathing in, the granulomas are drawn downwards toward the trachea, and the pedicle or “stalk” to which it is attached becomes visible on the left side (right of photo). These particular granulomas are well along in the process of pedunculation, and typically detach spontaneously. It can take patience to wait this process out. If symptoms at any time during this wait are unacceptable (not usually the case), then the granuloma can be treated with laser ablation in a videoendoscopy laboratory or steroid injection into the abnormal tissue.

Intubation Granuloma (3 of 3)

Here, dotted lines are added to show where the granuloma will likely detach. Occasionally a patient will cough out a small piece of tissue with a small amount of blood. More often, the granuloma detaches outside of patient awareness.

Granuloma di contatto, gradualmente peduncolato e poi distaccato

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Contact granuloma (1 of 11)

Breathing position shows classic large bi-lobed granuloma. Note the deep cleft (arrows), into which the right (left of image) vocal process (dotted line) will fit during voicing, which will leave one lobe above and one below the level of the cords.

Contact granuloma (2 of 11)

When the patient is asked to exhale rapidly, the granuloma displaces upwards (toward the camera), indicating that this granuloma is pedunculating (narrowing at its base) as a part of the process of maturation.

Contact granuloma (3 of 11)

The instant before full closure for phonation. The inferior lobule will descend slightly and the granuloma as a whole will rotate anteriorly so that the right vocal process can fit into the cleft between the two lobes. (That is, A will match A, and B match B; note that the B points here are further apart than they appear to be.)

Contact granuloma (4 of 11)

Phonation. Full adduction is still possible, but only the granuloma’s upper lobe is seen. This voice sounds virtually normal, due to how deep the granuloma’s cleft is, which allows the cords to fully meet each other, and also the fact that this granuloma doesn’t interfere with the vibrating part of the vocal cords (the anterior two-thirds, in clear view here).

Contact granuloma, 2 months later (5 of 11)

Same patient, two months later. Without any intervention, the inferior lobule has spontaneously detached. In this inspiratory (breathing in) view, the remaining lobule is drawn inward and slightly downward. The dotted lines indicate where the stalk will continue to pinch inward and narrow before spontaneous detachment.

Contact granuloma, 2 months later (6 of 11)

With exhalation, the lobule is blown slightly upwards on its stalk.

Contact granuloma, 2 months later (7 of 11)

Phonation. This looks similar to image 4, but the second lobule hidden from view below the cords in image 4 is now not there at all.

Contact granuloma, 5 months later (8 of 11)

Same patient, another three months later. The upper lobule has now also detached, leaving only a bruise. This bruise can be surprisingly durable, almost like a “tattoo.”

Contact granuloma, one year later (10 of 11)

Another seven months later. The bruise is smaller but still visible.

Contatto Granuloma, “vestibilità key-in-lock”

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Contact granuloma (1 of 3)

Contact granuloma, with a typical bi-lobed shape divided by a deep central cleft. Note also the inflammatory appearance of the granuloma.

Contact granuloma (2 of 3)

As the vocal cords approach each other for phonation, the right medial arytenoid (at dotted line) is poised to fit into the cleft of the opposing contact granuloma (at arrows).

Contact granuloma (3 of 3)

As the vocal cords now almost meet, the arytenoid fits into the granuloma cleft like a key in a lock. This contact of the arytenoid show clearly the reason for the cleft and bilobularity.

La sequenza di guarigione della granulazione

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Large tumor, before removal (1 of 8)

Large tumor posterior right true cord (left of photo) with abnormality extending up onto posterior false cord (indicated by the black dotted line).

After tumor removal (2 of 8)

A week after surgical excision, revealing the lesion to be a benign verruca. The wound exposes some of the arytenoid cartilage (indicated by smaller dotted circle). The circumference of the entire excision is shown within the larger circle of black dots.

2 months after surgery (3 of 8)

2 months after surgical removal of the verrucous hyperplasia, granulation formation is well underway.

5 Months after surgery, a granuloma is seen (4 of 8)

Five months later, a granuloma is seen, but voice is normal because no vibratory tissue was removed from the anterior 2/3 of the cord, and the left vocal cord (right of photo) can fit into the deep cleft between the two lobes of the granuloma so that the granuloma does not keep the cords separated, as seen in the next two photos.

7 months after surgery (5 of 8)

Two months later, 7 months after surgery, the inferior lobule of the granuloma has begun to fall off.

Pedunculation (6 of 8)

Asking the patient to inspire suddenly draws the granuloma into the airway, and shows that there is significant pedunculation (pinching in at the base to a stalk rather than remaining a broad attachment)

One year after surgery (7 of 8)

Now one year after removal (photo 2), the lower lobe is gone, and the upper lobe nearly resolved.

15 months after surgery (8 of 8)

Now 15 months after surgical removal of the verrucous hyperplasia, the granulation tissue has gone through the pedunculation process and has detached, leaving behind a tell-tale “bruise” at its base. Note that there are flecks of presumed hyperplasia seen, and these will be addressed with a thulium laser in the videoendoscopy room.

Corda vocale “Lacrima” e Granuloma

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Intubation injury (1 of 8)

Gross hoarseness was immediately evident after a surgical procedure involving endotracheal intubation. After a few months, this granuloma is evident. It appears to be pedunculated and attached only where indicated by the dotted line. The small “X” is for reference with photos 2 and 4.

Granuloma drawn into glottis (2 of 8)

Here, the granuloma is drawn downward into the glottis by the inspiratory airstream. The “X” is for reference with photos 1 and 4.

Phonation (3 of 8)

During phonation, seen at closer range, the granuloma rides upward and nearly fills the laryngeal vestibule.

Anterior commissure (4 of 8)

Closeup at the anterior commissure. Dotted line indicates anterior edge of the granuloma. The “X” is for reference with photos 1 and 2.

Granuloma detached (5 of 8)

A few months later, voice has improved. The granuloma has spontaneously detached. Pinkness remains.

Vocal cord blurring (6 of 8)

During voicing under standard light, note that there is vocal cord blurring on the right cord (left of photo) far more than on the left (blurring is indicated by thin, black lines). This suggests that the left side (right of photo) is not vibrating well.

Closed phase (7 of 8)

Low in the female range, at A3 (220 Hz), closed phase of vibration.

Open phase (8 of 8)

Open phase of vibration at the same pitch, showing that only the right cord (left of photo) vibrates, because the tear of the left cord has scarred and stiffened it.

Granuloma da contatto trilobato

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Panoramic view (1 of 6)

Panoramic view of larynx, showing left contact granuloma (right of photo). Elsewhere, this has been removed twice, with prompt recurrence.

Upper and middle lobule, cleft 1 (2 of 6)

Close-up of posterior commissure. Deep ‘cleft 1’ here separates upper (U) and middle (M) lobules of the granuloma.

Phonation (3 of 6)

During phonation, the right vocal process is settled deeply into ‘cleft 1’ and only the upper lobule (U) rides above the plane of the cords.

Lower lobule (4 of 6)

Here the patient is blowing out and rotating the granuloma upward to expose ‘cleft 2’ and the lower lobule (L).

Upper and middle lobule, Cleft 2 (5 of 6)

Again during phonation, but with right vocal process now settled deeply into ‘cleft 2,’ and now both upper and middle lobules (U, M) ride above the plane of the cords.

Tri-lobed (6 of 6)

Another view, now showing clefts 1 and 2, as well as all three lobes of the granuloma. The plan is to allow granuloma maturation and spontaneous detachment.

Granuloma da contatto: tipo ulcera con bordo arrotolato

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Contact granuloma (1 of 4)

This man was diagnosed elsewhere with a stubbornly persistent lesion of his right vocal cord (left of photo). It almost appears that the left cord (right of photo) may have had a similar lesion in the past, but is now healed.

Narrow band light (2 of 4)

Under narrow band light, the rolled border of the right-sided lesion (left of photo is better seen, as is the healed nature of the left vocal cord (right of photo).

Phonation (3 of 4)

During voicing, the left cord (right of photo) clearly fits into the cleft of the right sided lesion (left of photo).

One year later (4 of 4)

Nearly a year later, the granuloma is healed. Lesions like this usually eventually heal, but can take many months and even a year or more.

Evoluzione della cicatrice tracheale circolare compreso il granuloma

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Two weeks post-op (1 of 4)

Two weeks after removal of totally stenosed cricotracheal segment that and circular reanastomosis. Looking downward from the level of the vocal cords, the circular suture line is indicated with a dashed line. The point of origin of the granuloma is seen is at the *.

Six weeks post-op (2 of 4)

Six weeks after the crico-tracheal resection and reanastomosis, the patient’s breathing seems normal to him, including during vigorous workouts. Here on exhalation, note that there is a granuloma attached to the “scar” line anteriorly. As seen in the next photo, this granuloma is highly pedunculated and ready to spontaneously detach.

Inhaling (3 of 4)

The patient is inhaling here, and this has drawn the granuloma below the suture line. The pedicle (point of attachment) is indicated by the dotted line.

Rapid inhalation (4 of 4)

With rapid inspiration, the granuloma flutters, causing its blurring. Detachment within weeks is expected.

I granulomi maturano e cadono da soli, ma l’iniezione di steroidi può aiutare…

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“Third” granuloma (1 of 6)

This man has had a granuloma removed twice elsewhere. As expected it recurred both times, so that in a sense, this is the “third” granuloma. It has the typical bi-lobularity (U = upper; L = lower).

Injection into lower lobe (2 of 6)

Occasionally a steroid injection is used for the small percentage of persons with granuloma who are symptomatic. Here, note the needle inserted into the lower lobe (L, right of photo) to infiltrate triamcinolone.

Injection into upper lobe (3 of 6)

Now the needle has been redirected into the upper lobe (U). This procedure is done under topical anesthesia in the voice laboratory.

Five weeks later (4 of 6)

About 5 weeks later, the patient’s symptoms have gone away. The granuloma has shrunk by as much as 50% comparing with photo 1.

Six months post-injection (5 of 6)

Now six months after the steroid injection, not only steroid, but also maturation of the granuloma continues. Compare with photos 1 and 4

One year post-injection (6 of 6)

Now a year after the steroid injection, the granuloma has finished its maturation process and is gone. Only a subtle residual elevation is visible.

Sinechie della commissura posteriore

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Tethered vocal cords (1 of 5)

This man has right vocal cord paralysis and a history decades ago of Teflon injection into the right vocal cord, resulting in posterior commissure synechiae. He is short of breath, partly due to the tissue band and partly because it tethers the vocal cords closer together than they would otherwise need to be as seen in photo 4 after the band is removed. See also photo 5.

Before laser removal (3 of 5)

The thulium laser fiber (F) is touching the synechiae, with laser energy about to be delivered.

Immediately after laser (4 of 5)

This is just after the thulium laser division of the band using topical anesthesia only, with patient sitting in a chair.

One month post-op (5 of 5)

A month later, no residue of the synechiae is seen, and the vocal cords can spring farther apart than in photo 1.
Contact granulomas YT Thumbnail

Granuloma da contatto

In questo video, il Dr. Bastian fornisce un’introduzione ai granulomi da contatto.

Quali sono i sintomi più comuni dei granulomi?

  1. Una sensazione di attaccamento e talvolta una vaga consapevolezza che si irradia alla mascella e all’orecchio.
  2. La qualità della voce non è molto influenzata perché la parte posteriore delle corde vocali non vibra per la voce*.

* Occasionalmente la voce risulta alterata se il granuloma diventa molto grande e non consente alla parte anteriore di unirsi completamente per produrre la voce.

Normalmente il granuloma deve guarire in un lungo periodo di tempo: molti mesi e talvolta un anno o più.

Quando un granuloma si ingrandisce da una visita all’altra in uno dei miei pazienti, di solito dico, in modo un po’ controintuitivo, “ottima strada!” Questo perché man mano che il granuloma diventa più grande, in genere si pizzica alla base, un processo che chiamiamo peduncolo. Quando si gira avanti e indietro ed è abbastanza mobile, è pronto a cadere.

Occasionalmente il gambo è molto fibrotico e di tanto in tanto rimuoviamo la lesione. Nella maggior parte dei casi, però, aspettiamo semplicemente che maturi come descritto sopra e poi cada.

Non suggerisco il riposo della voce, ma solo la prudenza e l’astensione da una voce forte e percussiva e da schiarimenti aggressivi della gola.

Sommario

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